Suspension

Basic Suspension concepts

History and Physics

Springs

• Progressively wound springs

Damping

Sub-frame mounting  

Strut Braces

Bushes

 Non-independent suspensions 

• Live axle / Dead axle

• DeDion axle

• Beam Axel

• Torsion Beam

Independent suspensions

• Transverse Leaf

• Sliding Pillar

• Du Bonnet

• Swing Axle

• Trailing Arm and Semi Trailing arm

• Double Wishbones ( A-arms )

• MacPherson Strut

• Chapman Strut

• Multi-link

• Weissach Axle

Linked Suspension

• Hydropneumatic suspension

• Anti-roll bars

Adaptive suspension

Introduction to Active Suspension

• Adaptive damping

• Semi-Active suspension - Citroen Hydractive,  Citroen Activa

• Active roll control - Citroen Activa,  Mercedes' ABC

• Lotus active suspension